Pharmaceutical imports by HS code

List of contents of this article:

• 1,Pharmaceutical imports by HS code Briefly describe the working principle of the wave division duplication optical fiber communication system.
• 2, What is the purpose of wave division
• 3, Wave division system with several sub-frames in one light direction
• 4 , What is wave division and what is PTN?
• 5, What are the factors that affect the performance of the wave division system, and what is the difference between the amplifier board OAU and OBU?
• 6, What functions can the network management system of the wave division system achieve

Briefly describe the working principle of the wave division duplication optical fiber communication system.

1. Wave division multiplexing is a transmission technology in optical fiber communication. It uses the characteristics that an optical fiber can transmit multiple optical carriers of different wavelengths at the same time, and divides the wavelength range that optical fiber may apply into several bands, and each band makes an independent channel to transmit an optical signal of a predetermined wavelength. Number.

2. Optical wave division and duplication refer to the coarse division of optical frequency. The optical channels are far apart, and even in different windows of optical fibers. LightWave division malification is generally applied. The wavelength splitter and decoupler (also known as combined wave/wave splitter) are placed at both ends of the optical fiber respectively to realize the coupling and separation of different optical waves. The principle of these two devices is the same.

3. Optical wave division multiplexing refers to the coarse division of optical frequency. The optical multiple channels are far apart, and even in different windows of optical fibers. Optical wave division and duplification is generally applied to the wavelength splitter and decoupler (also known as combined wave/wave splitter) at both ends of the optical fiber to realize the coupling and separation of different optical waves. The principle of these two devices is the same.

4. The principle of optical fiber communication is to use the full reflection characteristics of light to transmit optical signals inside the optical fiber. Optical fiber communication principle: Optical fiber communication uses optical waves to transmit information, and optical fiber acts as a transmission medium to realize communication. The sender converts the information into an electrical signal and modulates it to the laser beam emitted by the laser, so that the intensity of the light changes with the electrical signal.

What is the purpose of the wave division

1. Wave division, like SDH, is an optical transmission technology, which is used to solve long-distance data transmission. The problem of. However, the wave division can transmit a large amount of data in the optical fiber by carrying data at multiple wavelengths and combining the circuit. Therefore, it can be seen that the application scenario of wave division is mainly in the occasion of large-capacity data transmission.

2. Wave division: high availability and reliability, efficient bandwidth management mechanism and traffic engineering, convenient OAM and network management, scalability, high security, etc.

3. In mobile operators, the wave division term is usually used to describe the optical fiber transmission system in the mobile communication network. For example, in 4G and 5G mobile communication networks, wave division technology is widely used in optical fiber transmission between base stations to improve network transmission speed and capacity.

4. Wave division is used to carry large-particle services. SDH and IP carrier networks are transmitted by wave division, which is equivalent to a highway. SDH and many large-particle services are vehicles.

5. Optical wave division and duplication include frequency division and wave division and wave division. Optical frequency division and duplication (FDM) technology andThere is no obvious difference in optical wave multiplexing (WDM) technology, because optical waves are part of electromagnetic waves, and the frequency and wavelength of light have a single correspondence.

6. Time (such as SDH) can make each time slot exclusive to a certain person without interfering with each other.

Wave division system is equipped with several sub-frames in one optical direction

The group route is a high-speed optical interface, and the number is relatively small. It is connected to the optical line ODF (optical fiber distribution frame) through optical jump fiber, and through the optical line O DF fusion optical cable, out of the game.

[Answer]: Wave division multiplexing (WDM) refers to the simultaneous transmission of multiple optical carrier signals of different wavelengths on an optical fiber, andEach optical carrier can load multiple analog signals or multiple digital signals through frequency division multiplecing (FDM) or time division multiple (TDM).

The advantages of the optical subframe are space-saving, easy to manage and flexible. Its function is to protect the fiber optic jumper from damage, and it is anti-corrosion and anti-rust.

Since the wave division system transmits big data through multiple wavelengths, it must need a device to do the multiplication and demultiplication of wavelengths. This device is the wave splitter/de-dexer (OM/OD, wave syner/wave splitter) you mentioned.

Multiple electrical signals are moduted into one-way signals through multiplexing equipment and transmitted through one-way optical signals. 2. Multiple optical signals are transmitted into one-way optical signals through wave division multiplesing equipment.

What is wave division and what is PTN?

1. OTN: Wave division technology is used. PTN: The technology of packet switching is used. Different applications: SDH: IP service, ATM service. MSTP: A wide variety of bandwidth services. OTN: Provide network protection and improve security. PTN: Suitable for all kinds of coarse and fine particle business and end-to-end network capabilities.

2. MSTP: It is a more advanced SDH, which transmits Ethernet based on SDH. OTN: Wave division technology is used. PTN: The technology of packet switching is used. Different applications: SDH: IP service, ATM service. MSTP: A wide variety of bandwidth services. OTN: Provide network protection and improve security.

3. Wave division, like SDH, is an optical transmission technology, which is used to solve the problem of long-distance data transmission. However, the wave division can transmit a large amount of data in the optical fiber by carrying data at multiple wavelengths and combining the circuit. Therefore, it can be seen that the application scenario of wave division is mainly in the occasion of large-capacity data transmission.

4. OTN and PTN are transmission network systems of different levels. PTN is a large-scale Ethernet transmission network based on VPN system and built-in IP routing, while OTN is a new type of wave division that can transmit packet services, and OTN is a new type of DWDM with dot intersection.

5. PTN is the abbreviation of Packet Transport Network, which means packet transmission network. PTN is the mainstream transmission network technology after SDH.

6. There is a coexistence and gradual replacement relationship between PTN and MSTP, that is, PTN will gradually replace MSTP or MSTP will gradually upgrade to PTN. OTN OTN is a transmission network that organizes a network in the optical layer based on wave division multiplication technology.

What are the factors that affect the performance of the wave division system, and what is the difference between the amplifier board OAU and OBU?

Optical power is generally amplified by the amplification board (OAU/OBU/Raman). The dispersion is generally compensated by the dispersion compensation module (DCM). The signal-to-noise ratio is generally used in the middle. The nonlinear effect is used to control the optical power of the fiber, and the total optical power on the optical fiber should be less than 20dBm. (Single-wave optical power is less than 4dBm).

What functions can the network management system of the wave division system achieve

1. Equipment management, network monitoring, etc. Equipment management: The network management system of the wave division system can manage the transmission equipment such as input, configuration, performance monitoring and analysis, remote upgrade and diagnosis to ensure the normal operation of the equipment.

2. The basic functions of network system management and maintenance include: configuration management, fault management, performance management, security management and billing management. The configuration management function is mainly responsible for the establishment of the network, the development of business and the maintenance of configuration data.

3. Network communication This is the most basic function of the network. Its task is to achieve error-free data transmission between the source host and the target host.Resource management implements effective management of shared resources (hardware and software) in the network, coordinates users' use of shared resources, and ensures the security and consistency of data.

4. The main function of the network operating system is to manage all software and hardware resources, etc. The characteristics have nothing to do with hardware, etc. The main functions also include: shared resource management, network communication, network services, network management, and interoperability.